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Diagram Background/Description:
A photovoltaic (PV) system converts light into electric energy by means of photovoltaic cells that work under the principle of the photovoltaic effect. The average maximum open-circuit voltage of a solar cell is approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts. Consequently, a photovoltaic module (1) consists of multiple PV cells connected in series, 36 up to 72 cells are common, to provide a higher voltage output. In modern PV systems, a DC/DC converter (2) is used as the charger controller to interface the solar panel to an storage device (3), which is usually of the type of a rechargeable battery. A DC/AC inverter (4) is used to convert the power output, of the solar panel storage system, from direct to alternating current  (DC to AC). A step-up transformer (5) is used to interface the PV system to the electric network (6). The main problem in the case of photovoltaic energy is that this renewable energy resource is intermittent: i.e. supply, some times, does not necessarily coincide with demand. For example, clouds affect directly the output power of solar PV generation. Such fluctuations are estimated to be about 80% of the total generation in seconds. Since most PV plants are designed for applications at the distribution network–side, such fluctuations can cause large voltage disturbances. Based on this, utilities may refuse the use of PV resources. Therefore, the combination of such resources with energy storage technology (3) can help to optimize the match between supply and demand. This also has the effect of being able to increase the amount of renewable energy that can be interfaced to the electric network [Alsharif et al., 2016; Mahmud et al., 2018; Sandelic et al., 2019; Raghavendra  et al., 2020].

Based on information from:
[Alsharif et al., 2016] Alsharif, M.H.; Kim, J. Optimal Solar Power System for Remote Telecommunication Base Stations: A Case Study Based on the Characteristics of South Korea’s Solar Radiation Exposure. Sustainability 2016, 8, 942.
 
[Mahmud et al., 2018] Mahmud, M.A.P.; Huda, N.; Farjana, S.H.; Lang, C. Environmental Impacts of Solar-Photovoltaic and Solar-Thermal Systems with Life-Cycle Assessment. Energies 2018, 11, 2346.
 
[Raghavendra  et al., 2020] Raghavendra, K.V.G.; Zeb, K.; Muthusamy, A.; Krishna, T.N.V.; Kumar, S.V.S.V.P.; Kim, D.-H.; Kim, M.-S.; Cho, H.-G.; Kim, H.-J. A Comprehensive Review of DC–DC Converter Topologies and Modulation Strategies with Recent Advances in Solar Photovoltaic Systems. Electronics 2020, 9, 31.
 
[Sandelic et al., 2019] Sandelic, M.; Sangwongwanich, A.; Blaabjerg, F. Reliability Evaluation of PV Systems with Integrated Battery Energy Storage Systems: DC-Coupled and AC-Coupled Configurations. Electronics 2019, 8, 1059.